Cancer Epidemiology
Volume 34, Issue 3 , Pages 267-273 , June 2010

Prolonged breastfeeding reduces risk of breast cancer in Sri Lankan women: A case–control study

  • Malintha De Silva

      Affiliations

    • Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, 25 Kynsey Road, Colombo 00800, Sri Lanka
    • ,
  • Upul Senarath

      Affiliations

    • Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, 25 Kynsey Road, Colombo 00800, Sri Lanka
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +94 11 267 7765; fax: +94 11 269 1581.
    • ,
  • Mangala Gunatilake

      Affiliations

    • Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
    • ,
  • Dilani Lokuhetty

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka

,Accepted 26 February 2010.

References 

  1. National Cancer Control Programme. Cancer Incidence Data: Sri Lanka year 2001-2005. Cancer Registry, 7th publication, 2009. Colombo: National Cancer Control Programme.
  2. MacMahon B, Lin T, Lowe C, Mirra A, Ravnihar B, Salber E, et al. Lactation and cancer of the breast. A summary of an international study. Bull World Health Organ. 1970;42:185–194
  3. Ratner H. Lactation and breast cancer. Br Med J. 1980;280:646
  4. Brinton L, Hoover R, Fraumeni J. Reproductive factors in the aetiology of breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 1983;47:757–762
  5. Byers T, Graham S, Rzepka T, Marshall J. Lactation and breast cancer. Evidence for a negative association in premenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol. 1985;121:664–674
  6. Yuan JM, Yu MC, Ross RK, Gao YT, Henderson BE. Risk factors for breast cancer in Chinese women in Shanghai. Cancer Res. 1988;1:1949–1953
  7. Siskind V, Schofield F, Rice D, Bain C. Breast cancer and breastfeeding: results from an Australian case–control study. Am J Epidemiol. 1989;130:229–236
  8. Adami HO, Bergstrom R, Lund E, Meirik O. Absence of association between reproductive variables and the risk of breast cancer in young women in Sweden and Norway. Br J Cancer. 1990;62:122–126
  9. Yoo KY, Tajima K, Kuroishi T, Hirose K, Yoshida M, Miura S, et al. Independent protective effect of lactation against breast cancer: a case–control study in Japan. Am J Epidemiol. 1992;135:726–733
  10. United Kingdom National case–control Study Group . Breast feeding and risk of breast cancer in young women. Br Med J. 1993;307:17–20
  11. Thomas DB, Rosenblatt KA, Ray RM. Re: “Breastfeeding and reduced risk of breast cancer in an Icelandic cohort study”. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;154:975–977
  12. Yang CP, Weiss NS, Band PR, Gallagher RP, White E, Daling JR. History of lactation and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol. 1993;138:1050–1056
  13. Newcomb PA, Storer BE, Longnecker MP, Mittendorf R, Greenberg ER, Clapp RW, et al. Lactation and a reduced risk of premenopausal breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:81–87
  14. Brinton LA, Potischman NA, Swanson CA, Schoenberg JB, Coates RJ, Gammon MD, et al. Breastfeeding and breast cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control. 1995;6:199–208
  15. Lai FM, Chen P, Ku HC, Lee MS, Chang SC, Chang TM, et al. A case–control study of parity, age at first full-term pregnancy, breast feeding and breast cancer in Taiwanese women. Proc Natl Sci Counc Repub China B. 1996;20:71–77
  16. Negri E, Braga C, La Vecchia C, Levi F, Talamini R, Franceschi S. Lactation and the risk of breast cancer in an Italian population. Int J Cancer. 1996;67:161–164
  17. Romieu I, Hernandez-Avila M, Lazcano E, Lopez L, Romero-Jaime R. Breast cancer and lactation history in Mexican women. Am J Epidemiol. 1996;143:543–552
  18. Freudenheim JL, Marshall JR, Vena JE, Moysich KB, Muti P, Laughlin R, et al. Lactation history and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;146:932–938
  19. Ursin G, Bernstein L, Wang Y, Lord SJ, Deapen D, Liff JM, et al. Reproductive factors and risk of breast carcinoma in a study of white and African-American women. Cancer. 2004;101:353–362
  20. Furberg H, Newman B, Moorman P, Millikan R. Lactation and breast cancer risk. Int J Epidemiol. 1999;28:396–402
  21. Zheng T, Duan L, Liu Y, Zhang B, Wang Y, Chen Y, et al. Lactation reduces breast cancer risk in Shandong Province, China. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;152:1129–1135
  22. Huo D, Adebamowo CA, Ogundiran TO, Akang EE, Campbell O, Adenipekun A, et al. Parity and breastfeeding are protective against breast cancer in Nigerian women. Br J Cancer. 2008;98:992–996
  23. Stuver SO, Hsieh CC, Bertone E, Trichopoulos D. The association between lactation and breast cancer in an international case–control study: a re-analysis by menopausal status. Int J Cancer. 1997;71:166–169
  24. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer . Breast cancer and breastfeeding: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50302 women with breast cancer and 96973 women without the disease. Lancet. 2002;360:187–195
  25. Kelsey JL, Gammon MD. The epidemiology of breast cancer. CA Cancer J Clin. 1991;41:146–165
  26. Yuan J, Yu M, Ross R, Gao Y, Henderson B. Risk factors for breast cancer in Chinese women in Shanghai. Cancer Res. 1988;48:1949–1953
  27. Cohen JM, Hutcheon JA, Julien SG, Tremblay ML, Fuhrer R. Insufficient milk supply and breast cancer risk: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2009;4:e8237
  28. Department of Census and Statistics Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka Demographic and Health Survey 2006–07. 2009, Colombo: Department of Census and Statistics Sri Lanka.
  29. Schlesseman J. Case–control studies: design, conduct and analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1982;
  30. Department of Census and Statistics Sri Lanka, Demographic and Health Survey 2000. 2000: Department of Census and Statistics, 35–8.
  31. Shema LOL, Ben-Shachar M, Haj M, Linn S. The association between breastfeeding and breast cancer occurrence among Israeli Jewish women: a case control study. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2007;133:539–546
  32. Lipworth L, Bailey LR, Trichopoulos D. History of breast-feeding in relation to breast cancer risk: a review of the epidemiologic literature. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92:302–312
  33. Shema L, Ore L, Ben-Shachar M, Haj M, Linn S. The association between breastfeeding and breast cancer occurrence among Israeli Jewish women: a case control study. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2007;133:539–546
  34. Zheng T, Holford TR, Mayne ST, Owens PH, Zhang Y, Zhang B, et al. Lactation and breast cancer risk: a case–control study in Connecticut. Br J Cancer. 2001;84:1472–1476
  35. Wang QS, Ross RK, Yu MC, Ning JP, Henderson BE, Kimm HT. A case–control study of breast cancer in Tianjin, China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1992;1:435–439
  36. Faheem M, Khurram M, Jafri IA, Mehmood H, Hasan Z, Iqbal GS, et al. Risk factors for breast cancer in patients treated at NORI Hospital, Islamabad. J Pak Med Assoc. 2007;57:242–245
  37. Kim Y, Choi JY, Lee KM, Park SK, Ahn SH, Noh DY, et al. Dose-dependent protective effect of breast-feeding against breast cancer among ever-lactated women in Korea. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2007;16:124–129
  38. Michels KB, Willett WC, Rosner BA, Manson JE, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA, et al. Prospective assessment of breastfeeding and breast cancer incidence among 89,887 women. Lancet. 1996;347:431–436
  39. Liu L, Wu K, Lin X, Yin W, Zheng X, Tang X, et al. Passive smoking and other factors at different periods of life and breast cancer risk in Chinese women who have never smoked—a case–control study in Chongqing, People's Republic of China. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2000;1:131–137
  40. Perera B, Fonseka P, Ekanayake R, Lelwala E. Smoking in Adults in Sri Lanka: Prevalence and Attitudes. Asia-Pacific J Public Health. 2005;17:40–45
  41. Lanfranchi A. The science, studies and sociology of the abortion breast cancer link. Issues Law Med. 2005;21:95–108
  42. Hadjimichael OC, Boyle CA, Meigs JW. Abortion before first livebirth and risk of breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 1986;53:281–284
  43. Howe HL, Senie RT, Bzduch H, Herzfeld P. Early abortion and breast cancer risk among women under age 40. Int J Epidemiol. 1989;18:300–304
  44. Daling J, Malone K, Voigt L, White E, Weiss S. Risk of breast cancer among young women: relationship to induced abortion. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1994;86:1584–1592
  45. Somerville SW. Does abortion increase the risk of breast cancer?. J Med Assoc Ga. 1994;83:209–210
  46. Michels KB, Hsieh CC, Trichopoulos D, Willett WC. Abortion and breast cancer risk in seven countries. Cancer Causes Control. 1995;6:75–82
  47. Brind J, Chinchilli VM, Severs WB, Summy-Long J. Induced abortion as an independent risk factor for breast cancer: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1996;50:481–496
  48. Rookus MA, van Leeuwen FE. Induced abortion and risk for breast cancer: reporting (recall) bias in a Dutch case–control study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996;88:1759–1764
  49. Parkins T. Does abortion increase breast cancer risk?. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993;85:1987–1988
  50. Calle EE, Mervis CA, Wingo PA, Thun MJ, Rodriguez C, Heath CW. Spontaneous abortion and risk of fatal breast cancer in a prospective cohort of United States women. Cancer Causes Control. 1995;6:460–468
  51. Lipworth L, Katsouyanni K, Ekbom A, Michels KB, Trichopoulos D. Abortion and the risk of breast cancer: a case–control study in Greece. Int J Cancer. 1995;61:181–184
  52. Hirshfield-Bartek J, Mayer DK. Article on breast cancer risk and induced abortion concerns readers. Oncol Nurs Forum. 1997;24:1671–1672
  53. Palmer JR, Rosenberg L, Rao RS, Zauber A, Strom BL, Warshauer ME, et al. Induced and spontaneous abortion in relation to risk of breast cancer (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 1997;8:841–849
  54. Spear HJ. No link between breast cancer and induced abortion: good science or bad politics?. Nurs Forum. 2004;39:34–35
  55. Michels KB, Xue F, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Induced and spontaneous abortion and incidence of breast cancer among young women: a prospective cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:814–820

PII: S1877-7821(10)00031-7

doi: 10.1016/j.canep.2010.02.012

Cancer Epidemiology
Volume 34, Issue 3 , Pages 267-273 , June 2010

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution